Auxilia

Auxilia ('assistants') were all non-legionary parts of the Roman army. Much of Britain's garrison, perhaps half or more, was made up of auxilia. Most forts were garrisoned by auxiliaries throughout the period. Their epigraphic record varies from the stylish to the illegible and has supplied much of the evidence for military, and also civilian, life in Roman Britain.

Auxiliary careers for ordinary soldiers led to the reward of citizenship after 25 years which legitimized them and their children. These legal privileges altered over time but Caracalla's edict of universal citizenship eventually wiped out the formal distinction. The record of retirement on the diplomas has provided us with some of the most important evidence for the auxiliary forces in Britain (8).

The basic auxiliary unit was the ala (cavalry) and the cohors (infantry) in various configurations (see Appendices). The ala was invariably commanded by a prefect; the cohortes were commanded by prefects or in the case of the milliary ('1000-strong') units usually by tribunes (but not, for instance, at Housesteads where cohors I Tungrorum was commanded by a prefect). However, there are instances of legionary centurions appointed to command of auxiliary units.

The structure of auxiliary units resembled that of legionary cohorts. However, some names are uncertain thanks usually to the highly-abbreviated form given on inscriptions and diplomas, made worse by damage. During the period more irregular units appeared, such as the numerus, about which we know even less.

Auxiliary units were normally raised in provinces and maintained in ethnically-distinct units which retained homeland names and fighting skills. But many units spent centuries stationed in Britain, even though the proliferation of usurpers in the third and fourth centuries may have drawn away soldiers by compulsion or opportunists who preferred the prospect of a continental war than a lifetime of frontier garrison work.

Over time the ethnic identities may have been maintained but in practice they probably became rapidly less distinctive. Marriage to local women as well as to women from elsewhere in the Empire, and the recruitment of soldiers' sons, will have created a homogeneity diminishing the differences from the indigenous community around a fort. Sometimes recruits came from further afield, but still within Britain, such as [Satu?]rninus of cohors I fida Vardullorum who came from Gloucester and is recorded on a diploma.

However, evidence for the origins of soldiers and women is limited to a very few from inscriptions and it would be unwise to draw firm conclusions. But there is scarcely a single instance in Britain where a soldier and his wife demonstrably both came from the same nominal homeland. Verecunda Rufilia, by contrast, was a British Dobunnian but married to a man of unknown origin serving with, probably, cohors IIII Gallorum (RIB 621).

Within a generation or two of settling into a more or less permanent base few auxiliaries will have even known what being a Dacian or Pannonian meant. As Anthony Birley has pointed out, 'the presumption' must be that where individuals have Celtic or conventional Latin names, those individuals were probably British by birth. Even the survival of a personal name from elsewhere in the Empire need only refer to personal lineage from, say, a Dacian forbear and is no guarantee that its current holder had not been born in Britain. The instance of Nectovelius of cohors II Thracum at Mumrills (RIB 2142), and a Brigantian by birth (not necessarily a British Brigantian - see Chapter 3), shows how we cannot make assumptions about any individual's origins unless he or she specifically states it.

Auxiliary units were rarely referred to by historians. Diplomas provide no information about locations. Inscriptions normally supply the latter but often lack dates. Our dependence on these sources, and the paucity of alternatives, is well illustrated by the recovery of a writing tablet from Carlisle recording ala Gallorum Sebosiana in Britain during the governorship of Agricola (c. 78-84). No other auxiliary unit is so firmly fixed in Britain this early. Another example is cohors III Batavorum, testified in Britain only on tablets from Vindolanda. Apart from the undated evidence of a few tombstones, and an occasional reference in Tacitus or Dio, we know little else about auxiliary units in Britain in the first century.

Undated stones have been omitted unless the unit is otherwise untestified at a given place or where the stone provides the name of a commanding officer. Individual religious dedications are otherwise generally ignored except in unusual instances, for example cohors I Nerviorum, where such stones are the only extant epigraphic evidence for the unit. However, tombstones or dedications by individuals, even if they name the unit, do not necessarily mean that the unit itself was present. The altar dedicated by Aurelius Campester, tribune of cohors I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum, to Coventina at Carrawburgh is a case in point. He may merely have been passing or, alternatively he and his cohort may have been stationed there for a few weeks or months, too short a time to be otherwise testified in the archaeological record. Similarly, a unit was liable to be temporarily detached for other duties. Thus we find cohors I Thracum equitata, otherwise testified at Bowes, at Birdoswald between 205-8 building a granary with the resident garrison, cohors I Aelia Dacorum (RIB 1909).

Units are listed according to geographic origin and names are given in their fullest form. It is not always entirely clear from fragmentary sources which unit is being referred to as only the number distinguishes those with similar names. It is possible that in or two cases units with similar names have been unintentionally conflated.

A number of auxiliary units were raised in Britain for service overseas. Sixteen such units, all raised during the first and early second centuries, are listed by A. Birley (1979, 188-9; see also Dobson and Mann 1973). Where their members provide evidence for Romano-British tribal names (by far the minority) they are listed in Chapter 3.

classis Britannica

The British fleet during the Roman occupation was a seaborne arm of the Roman army in Britain. Command was of a procuratorial rank senior to prefects of auxiliary units. It thus lay somewhere between the legions and the auxiliaries. Members of the fleet were obliged to serve an additional year (making 26; from 209 it rose to 28 years) before earning citizenship at the end of service.

The inscriptions which record the commanders of the fleet in the early second century make it clear that the post, praefectus, was a senior procuratorship which represented a promotion from similar commands of conventional auxiliary cavalry or infantry units.

83-84: at Trucculensis portus (unlocated). Tacitus (Agricola) xxxviii.4

122-4: at Benwell building a granary during the governorship of A. Platorius Nepos. RIB 1340 (21)

130-4?: under the prefect M. Maenius Agrippa (formerly tribune commanding cohors I Hispanorum at Maryport, RIB 823-6). His son was consul in 161/2 which helps limit the date possibilities. ILS 2735

130-5?: at Lympne, altar dedicated by the prefect L. Aufidius Pantera to Neptune. RIB 66

140s?: under Q. Baienus Blassianus. AE 1974.123

150s?: under S. Flavius Quietus. AE 1960.28

244-9: CIL xii.686 (see Salway 1981, 529)

Undated: tile stamps at Beauport Park, Dover, Folkestone, Lympne, Cranbrook, Bardown, Beauport Park, London and Southwark. RIB 2481 (various) (22)

Undated: building on Hadrian's Wall (vicinity of Birdoswald). RIB 1944-5

N.B. also the legatus iuridicus (Chapter 3) and a case involving a fleet member.

Alae (cavalry wings) (order as RIB 2401, Table I, with additions)

ala Augusta Gallorum Petriana milliaria civium Romanorum

98: diploma (restored as [Gallorum Petria]na cR. CIL xvi.43

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

300s: Stanwix. ND xl.45

Undated: Carlisle. RIB 957

Undated: Corbridge?, tombstone of Flavinus, eq(ues) and signifer, 7 years' service (now in Hexham Abbey). Traditionally dated to pre-98 on the absence from the text of c(ivium) R(omanorum), present on CIL xvi.43. But this is no guarantee of date. RIB 1172

Undated: Stanwix, lead sealing. RIB 2411.84

ala Agrippiana Miniata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

ala I Hispanorum Asturum

98: diploma (restored as [I Hispanorum Ast]urum). CIL xvi.43

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

205-8: Benwell. RIB 1337

238 (Mar-Jun): Benwell under prefect T(erentius?) Agrippa. RIB 1334 (see notes in RIB for the dating)

300s: Benwell. ND xl.35

Undated: Benwell, dedication. RIB 1348

Undated: South Shields, tombstone of Victor, libertus of Numerianus, eques. RIB 1064

Undated: in Britannia under the prefecture of an unknown man, and stated on his tombstone to be from Ilipia (Baetica, Spain). ILS 2712

Undated: Benwell, tile-stamps, e.g. RIB 2464

Undated: London, lead sealing. RIB 2504.23

ala II Asturum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

176-84: Chesters. RIB 1463, 1464

205-8: Chesters. Unit name entirely lost but restored in RIB. RIB 1462

221 (30 Oct): building at Chesters. RIB 1465

221-2: Chesters. RIB 1466

300s: Chesters. ND xl.38

Undated: Chesters (probably fallen from the adjacent bridge), Aelius Longinus, praef(ecto) eq(uitum), 'prefect of cavalry', probably of this unit. RIB 1470

Undated: Lincoln, tombstone of a former [d]ec(urio) of II Asturum, aged 70. RIB 266

Undated: Ribchester, altar dedicated by M. Ingenuius Asiaticus, dec(urio), to the Matres (dependent on Camden's reading in 1580). RIB 586

Undated: Corbridge, lead sealing. RIB 2411.82

Undated: Carlisle, lead sealing. RIB 2411.83

Undated: Chesters, lead sealing. Brit. xxvi (1995), 382, no. 15

ala Augusta ob virtutem appellata

(although testified on numerous inscriptions this unit is absent from all the known diplomas and may be identical with another known under a different name)

122-38: Chesters. Brit. x (1979), 346, no. 7

180-92?: Carlisle under the prefect P. Sextianus [...] (in this case the unit's name is absent from the slab and is restored from the partial epithet ob virtu(tem), which appears elsewhere). RIB 946

185: Old Carlisle, unit name lost but probably this one on the pattern of the next five), under the prefect P. Aelius Septimenus/Septimianus Rusticus. RIB 903

188: Old Carlisle under the prefect T. Claudius Justinus. RIB 893

191: Old Carlisle under the prefect P. Aelius Magnus. RIB 894

197: Old Carlisle under the prefect Egnatius Verecundus. RIB 895

213: Old Carlisle under the prefect [........]. RIB 905

242: Old Carlisle under the prefect Aemilius Crispinus. RIB 897

Undated: Old Carlisle under the prefect Rufinus. RIB 890

Undated: Chesters, lead sealing. RIB 2411.81

ala Gallorum Indiana

pre-135: Cirencester, tombstone of Dannicus, eq(u)es, 16 years' service. Usually attributed to the first century on grounds of location but this is only probable rather than certain. The unit's full name comes from a diploma (CIL xiii.6495) which states it to have been in Germania Superior by 135. RIB 108

ala Gallorum Picentiana

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

Undated: Malton under the prefect J[...] Can[didus?]. Brit. ii (1971), 291, no. 9

ala Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127): diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7), under the prefect [... Pro]pinquos

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

ala Gallorum Sebosiana

78-84: wooden writing tablet from Carlisle sent by a member, detached as sing(ularis consularis) to Agricola. Brit. xxix (1998), 74, no. 44

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

262-6 (Aug 22): Lancaster under the prefect Flavius Ammausius. RIB 605 (giving ala Sebussiana [Po]s[t]u[mi]anae

Undated: Bollihope Common (i.e. Bowes?), under the prefect G. Tetius Veturius Micianus (boar hunt). RIB 1041 (secondary text)

Undated: Lancaster, lead sealing. RIB 2411.88

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealing. RIB 2411.89

Undated tiles: Quernmore. RIB 2465.1

Undated tiles: Lancaster. RIB 2465.2

ala Gallorum et Thracum Classiana civium Romanorum

105 (May-Jul): diplomas, CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2), and RMD 8 (RIB 2401.3)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

ala I Herculea

300s: Elslack or Ilkley? (Olenacum). ND xl.55. N.B. this unit's name may be a late honorific version, replacing an older name, represented amongst the others of this list. Maximian (286-305, 307-8), for example, favoured Hercules and posed as him on some coin portraits.

ala I Pannoniorum Sabiniana

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10) naming I [Pannoniorum Sab](iniana)?

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

300s: Haltonchesters. ND xl.37

Undated: Haltonchesters, tombstone of a man, erected by his brother Messorius Magnus, dupl(icarius). RIB 1433 (lettering style resembles dated examples of early third century, e.g. RIB 1091/2)

Undated: Pittington Farm, lead sealing. RIB 2411.85

Undated: South Shields, lead sealing. RIB 2411.86

Undated: Corbridge, lead sealing. RIB 2411.87

ala I Pannoniorum Tampiana

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1), under the prefect C. Valerius Celsus

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69, under the prefect Fabius Sabinus

ala Sarmatarum

Undated: Ribchester, tombstone of the wife and child of Julius Maximus, s(ingularis) c(onsularis) alae Sar(matarum). RIB 594

Undated: Ribchester, tombstone (name lost) of a [de]c(urio). RIB 595

N.B. also Dio lxxi.16.2 stating the despatch of 5500 Sarmatian cavalry to Britain in the latter part of the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The unit is not specified and may have been temporary.

ala I Thracum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6) ([I Thr]ac)

Undated: Cirencester, tombstone of S. Valerius Genialis, eq(u)es, 20 years' service. RIB 109

Undated: Colchester, tombstone of Longinus, duplicarius, 15 years' service. RIB 201

Undated: Caerleon, bronze skillet stamped ala I Thr(acum). RIB 2415.39

ala I Tungrorum

98: diploma. CIL xvi.43

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

135 (Apr 14): diploma (but the damaged reference is possibly to cohors I Tungrorum). CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

139-61: Mumrills, altar erected by the dupli(carius) Valerius Nigrinus. RIB 2140

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

ala Hispanorum Vettonum civium Romanorum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

197-202: building at Bowes, but probably while based at Binchester, for cohors I Thracum under the prefect Valerius Fronto. RIB 730

Undated: Bath, tombstone of L. Vitellius Tancinus, eq(ues), 26 years' service. RIB 159

Undated: Y Gaer, tombstone of Cand[idus], of 3 years' service. RIB 403

Undated: Y Gaer, tombstone of Valerius Primus, [e]q(ues) (dependent on corrected reading of misread stone, now lost). RIB 405

Undated: dedication by M. Aurelius [...]ocomas, medicus, for the unit, at Binchester. RIB 1028

Undated: Binchester, altar dedicated to the Suleviae. RIB 1035

Undated: Binchester under the prefect [....]onius Rufus. Brit. xxiii (1992), 314, no, 10

ala Augusta Vocontiorum civium Romanorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

Undated: dedication by Aelius Marcus, dec(urio), at Newstead. RIB 2121 (see Antonine under XX Valeria Victrix above)

Cohortes (cohorts, infantry or mixed infantry and cavalry)

cohors I Aelia Dacorum milliaria

Undated, but probably 122-30?: Hadrian's Wall (digging Vallum between t 7b - mc 8) west of Benwell. RIB 1365

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

205-8: Birdoswald under the tribune Aurelius Julianus. RIB 1909

235-8: Birdoswald under the tribune Flavius Maximian. RIB 1896, and JRS xlvii (1957), 229, no. 17

237: Birdoswald under the tribune [A]urelius Fa(u)s[t]us. RIB 1875

238-44: Birdoswald. RIB 1893

259-68: Birdoswald under the tribune Marc(ius) Gallicus. RIB 1882, 1883

259-68: Birdoswald under the tribune Probius Augendus. RIB 1886

270-3: Birdoswald under the tribune Pomponius Desideratus [....]. RIB 1885

276-82: Birdoswald under the tribune Aurelius Verinus. JRS li (1961), 194, no. 12

300s: probably at Birdoswald. ND xl.44 (ND appears to have conflated two entries here; see PNRB p.221, note 44)

Undated: Bewcastle. RIB 991 (lacking Aelia from the title and thus possibly pre-Hadrianic but the only record of the stone is an 18th century drawing)

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune [Tere]ntius Valerianus. RIB 1872

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune Ammonius Victorinus. RIB 1874, 1906

Undated: Birdoswald under Aurelius Sa[t]urn[inus]. RIB 1876

Undated: Birdoswald, unit styled Augusta (unrepeated), under Aurelius [....]. RIB 1877

Undated: Birdoswald under F[l(avius?) ....] (reading unreliable). RIB 1878

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune Funisul[an]us Vetto[ni]anus. RIB 1879

Undated: Birdoswald under Julius Marcellinus, centurion of II Augusta. RIB 1880

Undated: Birdoswald (probably) under the tribune Julius Saturninus. RIB 1881

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune Do[mitius H]onor[atus]. RIB 1884 (see Brit. xxii (1992), 309, (e))

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune Statius Longinus. RIB 1887

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune M. Claudius Menander (during the governorship of Modius Julius, said to be c. 219, see his biography). RIB 1914

Undated: Birdoswald under the tribune Reginius Justinus (unit not named). Brit. v (1974), 462-3, no. 9

cohors I Augusta Nervia/Nervana Germanorum milliaria equitata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

Undated: Bewcastle? (but recorded at Netherby), dedication to Cocidius by Paternius Maternus, tribune of cohors I Nervana. RIB 966

Undated: Burgh-by-Sands under the tribune Arrius Ursinianus/Q. Pius Asinianus (reading uncertain)? RIB 2041

Undated: Birrens, altar dedicated to Fortuna by the unit. RIB 2093

Undated: Birrens, under the tribune L. Faenius Felix. RIB 2097

cohors I Tungrorum milliaria

90-100: Vindolanda under the prefect Julius Verecundus (Tab. Vindol. II.154)

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

122-38: Carrawburgh. JRS lvi (1966), 218, no. 5

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

135 (Apr 14): diploma (damaged reference may correctly be to ala I Tungrorum). CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

139-61: Castlecary. RIB 2155

146 (Jan-Mar): diploma. RMD 97 (RIB 2401.9)

300s: Housesteads. ND xl.40

Undated: Vindolanda, tombstone of the (legionary?) centurion T. Ann[...], possibly serving as commander of [coh I] Tungr[orum]. Location and style suggest a date at the beginning of the second century. Brit. xxix (1998), 299-305

Undated: Housesteads under the prefect Q. Florius Maternus. RIB 1578, 1591

Undated: Housesteads under the prefect P. Aelius Modestus. RIB 1580

Undated: Housesteads under the prefect Q. Julius Maximus. RIB 1584

Undated: Housesteads under the prefect Q. Julius [Cur?]sus. RIB 1585

Undated: Housesteads under the prefect Q. Verius Superstis. RIB 1586

Undated tiles: Hare Hill. RIB 2477

cohors II Tungrorum milliaria equitata civium Latinorum

139-61?: Cramond. RIB 2135 (revised reading)

157-8: Birrens. RIB 2110

241: Castlesteads under the prefect T. Claudius Claudianus, and the princ(eps) P. Aelius Martinus. RIB 1983

Undated: Castlesteads under the prefect Albius Severus. RIB 1981

Undated: Castlesteads under the prefect Aurelius Optatus and the princ(eps) Messius Obse[quens]. RIB 1982

Undated: Birrens for the prefect P. Campanius Italicus. RIB 2094

Undated: Birrens under the prefect G. Silvius Auspex. RIB 2100, 2104, 2108

Undated: Birrens. RIB 2092

cohors I Vangionum milliaria equitata

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

205-8: Risingham under the tribune L. Aemilius Salvianus. RIB 1234 (and undated, RIB 1215)

211-17? (or Marcus Aurelius for 169-77): Risingham (unit not named but see the numerous examples below) by the tribune M. Messorius Diligens. RIB 1237

213: Risingham. RIB 1235

Undated: Colchester, tombstone, name lost, unit uncertain (possibly I Vardullorum). Probably a veteran, rather than an indication of a garrison. RIB 205

Undated: Risingham under the tribune Aemilius Aemilianus. RIB 1216

Undated: Risingham under the tribune Julius Victor. RIB 1217

Undated: Risingham under the tribune M. Peregrinius Super. RIB 1231

Undated: Risingham under the tribune Julius Paullus. RIB 1241

Undated: Risingham under the [tribune] M. Aurelius Castus. RIB 1242

Undated: Risingham under the tribune G. Valerius Longinus (unit not named but location makes it highly probable it is this one). RIB 1210 (61)

Undated: Risingham under the tribune G. Julius Publilius Pius (unit not named but see previous). RIB 1220, 1221

Undated: Risingham under the tribune Julius Severinus (unit not named but as previous). RIB 1212

Undated: Benwell under the prefect [....] Cassi[anus?]. RIB 1328

Undated: Chesters, tombstone of Fabia Honorata, daughter of the tribune Fabius Honoratus. RIB 1482

cohors I fida Vardullorum milliaria equitata civium Romanorum

c. 92-103: Vindolanda? equites Vardulli (detached from this unit?). Tab. Vindol. II.181

98: diploma. CIL xvi.43 ([I] fida Vardullorum)

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

138-61: Castlecary under the tribune Trebius Verus. RIB 2149 (this man may be mentioned on the diploma of 159 (see below).145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

159? (this date is only estimated): diploma, recording [...] Verus (Trebius Verus?, see above), commanding the unit and [Satu]rninus, a veteran, who came from Gloucester. CIL xvi.130 (RIB 2401.12)

c. 175-8: Lanchester under the tribune Flavius Titianus. RIB 1083

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

218-22?: High Rochester under the tribune L. Caecilius Optatus. RIB 1272

220: High Rochester under the tribune P. Aelius Erasinus. RIB 1280 (name restored from RIB 1286)

225-35: High Rochester under the tribune Aurelius Quintus. RIB 1281

238-41: High Rochester under the tribune Cassius Sabinianus. RIB 1262

Undated (but 161-9 or later): Corbridge under the tribune [Calpur]nius Vic[tor]. RIB 1128

Undated: on Hadrian's Wall (mc 19), recording the building of a temple to the Matres, directed by Publius D(...) V(...) (rank not stated). RIB 1421

Undated: High Rochester under the tribune T. Licinius Valerianus. RIB 1263

Undated: Cappuck under the tribune G. Quintius Severus. RIB 2118

cohors I Afrorum equitata civium Romanorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

cohors I Alpinorum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

cohors I Aquitanorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127): diploma (identification not certain). CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

c.158: Brough-on-Noe under the prefect Capitonius [...]scus. RIB 283

Undated: Bakewell under the prefect Q. Sittius Caecilianus. RIB 278

Undated: Carrawburgh under the prefect [...]ius Nepos. RIB 1550 (usually dated to 130-3 on the grounds that the governor S. Julius Severus is mentioned; his name is in fact not visible but note above that by c. 158 the unit was at Brough-on-Noe)

Undated: Leicester, lead sealings. RIB 2411.95-6

Undated tiles: Brancaster. RIB 2466 (RIB II states these are third century; only the date of the fort indicates they could not be earlier, the tiles are themselves undated)

cohors I Asturum equitata

ND xl.42: Chesters - probably an error, see cohors II Asturum below, but see ILS 2767 for Q. Gargilius Martialis, praef(ectus) cohors I Asturum pr Brittanniae

cohors II Asturum equitata

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

225: Greatchesters under the legionary centurion Valerius Martialis. RIB 1738

300s: Greatchesters. ND xl.42 (ND records I Asturum - presumably an error)

Undated: Llanio. RIB 407, 408

Undated: Bainbridge, lead sealing. RIB 2411.97

Undated tiles: Greatchesters. RIB 2467.1-2

cohors I Baetasiorum civium Romanorum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69 (I Betasiouru)

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

139-61: Bar Hill. RIB 2170 (unit name restored from RIB 2169)

139-61: Old Kilpatrick under the prefect Publicius Maternus, work carried out by Julius Candidus, centurion with I Italica. Brit. i (1970), 310, no. 20. The arguments about this unit and a later occupation of the Antonine Wall (see Frere 1987, 152-3, n. 34, and above under VI Victrix - Antonine) are too arcane to be recounted here and of dubious merit.

300s: Reculver. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.18

Undated: Maryport under the prefect T. Attius Tutor. RIB 830, 837, 842

Undated: Maryport under the prefect Ulpius Titianus. RIB 838, 843

Undated tiles: Reculver. RIB 2468

cohors I Batavorum equitata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

post 198-211: Carrawburgh under the prefect A. Cluentius Habitus. RIB 1545

213-22: Carrawburgh (HW) under the prefect L. Antonius Proculus. RIB 1544

237: Carrawburgh under the prefect Burrius [....].stus. RIB 1553

300s: Carrawburgh. ND xl.39

Undated: Carrawburgh under the prefect Titus D[...] Cosconianus. RIB 1534 (58)

Undated: Carrawburgh under the prefect M. Flaccinius Marcellus. RIB 1536

Undated: Carrawburgh under the prefect M. Simplicius Simplex(?) (unit not named). RIB 1546

Undated: Carvoran. RIB 1823, 1824

Undated: Carrawburgh under the prefect M. Hispanius Modestinus. JRS li (1961), 193, no. 9

Undated: Hadrian's Wall (near mc 59), by the centurion Martius. RIB 2015

cohors III Batavorum

c. 92-103: Vindolanda? Tab. Vindol. II.263

cohors IX Batavorum

c. 92-103: Vindolanda under the prefect Flavius Cerealis. Tab. Vindol. II.159, 225-90

cohors I Bracaraugustanorum equitata?

Undated: York, possibly an altar dedicated by P. Aelius Marcianus prefect of possibly cohors I Bracaraugustanorum. RIB 649 (see note citing Birley)

cohors III Bracaraugustanorum equitata

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

Undated tiles: Manchester. RIB 2469.i-iii

Undated tiles: Melandra Castle. RIB 2469.iv

cohors IIII Breucorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

130-3: Bowes (or possibly IIII Delmatarum). RIB 739

213-22: altar dedicated by Julius Gr[....]nus, actar[ius], at Ebchester. RIB 1101

Undated: 'Lincolnshire', bronze skillet with punched-dot inscription coh(ors) IIII Bre(ucorum). RIB 2415.41 (re-examined: Brit. xxvi (1995), 390, (h))

Undated tiles: Aldborough, Castleford, Castlehaw, Ebchester, Grimescar, Manchester, Slack. RIB 2470

[cohors?] Brittonum (type of unit unknown)

Undated altar: Castlecary. RIB 2152

cohors I Celtiberorum

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

cohors I Aelia Classica

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28, under the prefect [.] Caecidius Severus

300s: Tunnocelo (unknown) ND xl.51

Undated: Hadrian's Wall (nr t25a), centurial stone recording a cohort probably from this unit. Brit. xvii (1986), 368, no. 9

Undated: Ravenglass, lead sealing. RIB 2411.94. N.B. another diploma of 158, identical to that cited above but very fragmentary, belonging to a veteran of cohors I Aelia Classica was found close to the fort at Ravenglass (Brit. xxvi (1995), 389-90 (f)).

cohors I Cornoviorum

300s: Newcastle. ND xl.34

cohors I Cubernorum, see cohors I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum

cohors I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum civium Romanorum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

140-4: milestone near Cramond. RIB 2313

213: Newcastle. Brit. xi (1980), 405, no. 6. Reading uncertain.

Undated: Carrawburgh, altar dedicated by Aurelius Campester to Coventina. RIB 1524

cohors I Dalmatarum/Delmatarum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

138-61: Maryport under the prefect P. Postumius Acilianus. RIB 832 (and also 810, 847, 850)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

Undated: Maryport under the prefect L. Caecilius Vegetus. RIB 831

Undated: Chesters. JRS xlvii (1957), 229, no. 14 (23)

cohors II Dalmatarum/Delmatarum

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2) (reading [II Del]mata[rum])

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8), under the prefect Julius Maximus

300s: Carvoran. ND xl.43

Undated: Carvoran, altar dedicated by Julius Pastor, imag(inifer). RIB 1795

cohors IIII Delmatarum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

118-38: Hardknot. JRS lv (1965), 222, no. 7

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

cohors I Frisiavonum/Frixagorum?

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

300s: Rudchester. ND xl.36 (giving 'Frixagorum')

Undated: Melandra Castle. RIB 279

Undated: Manchester. RIB 577-9

Undated: Carrawburgh, altar dedicated by Mausaeus, optio, giving 'Frixiav(onum)'. RIB 1523

Undated: Rudchester, the prefect Pub. Aelius Titullus (unit not named), perhaps commanding this unit on the basis of ND. RIB 1395

Undated: Rudchester, the prefect T. Claudius Decimus Cornelius Antonius (unit not named), as previous. RIB 1396

cohors II Gallorum equitata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

c. 178: Old Penrith under the prefect T. Domitius Hieron. RIB 917 (dated and name confirmed by the unpublished diploma of 23 March 178, found Rhodope; see Brit. xxvi (1995), 390, (g))

225-38: Old Penrith under Aurelius [...] (rank lost), assuming the restoration of Severus Alexander's name to the unit title is correct. RIB 929

244-9: Old Penrith (naming coh [II] Gallo[rum]. RIB 915

Undated: Old Penrith under the prefect Aurelius Attianus (naming [c]oh II [Gall(orum)]). RIB 916

Undated: Old Penrith (unit not named), Julius Augustalis, actor of the prefect Julius Lupus. RIB 918

Undated: Piacenza (Italy), prefect of this unit L. Naevius Verus Roscianus, fulfilling a vow brought from Britain. ILS 2603

cohors IIII Gallorum equitata

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

138-61(?): Castlehill under the prefect Q. Pisentius Justus. RIB 2195

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

212-3: Vindolanda. RIB 1705

213-35: Vindolanda under the prefect Q. Petronius Urbicus. RIB 1686

223: Vindolanda, probably (unit number lost), during the governorship of Claudius Xenophon (here given as Xenephon; his dates fixed by RIB 2299, 2306). RIB 1706

276-82: Vindolanda commanded by Muc(ius) [.....]. RIB 1710

300s: Vindolanda. ND xl.41

Undated: Templeborough, tombstone of Cintusmus, m(iles). RIB 619

Undated: Templeborough, tombstone of Crotus, emerito, aged 40. RIB 620

Undated: Risingham. RIB 1227

Undated: Risingham, tombstone, name lost, of a m(iles), 14 years' service. RIB 1249

Undated: Vindolanda under the prefect Pituanius Secundus. RIB 1685

Undated: Vindolanda under the prefect L. [...]gius Pudens. RIB 1688

Undated: Castlesteads under the prefect Ca[.]s[...] Ir[...]. RIB 1979

Undated: Castlesteads under the prefect Volcacius Hospes. RIB 1980

Undated: Hadrian's Wall area (probably Vindolanda) under the prefect Naevius Hilarus. RIB 2062

Undated building stone: High Rochester, vex(illatio) coh(ortis) IIII Gall(orum). Brit. xiv (1983), 337, no. 12

Undated tiles: Templeborough. RIB 2472.1-2

cohors V Gallorum equitata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

138-61(?): Cramond under the prefect L. Minthonius Tertullus. RIB 2134

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

213?: South Shields. Brit. xvi (1985), 325-6, no. 11

222: South Shields. RIB 1060

Undated: South Shields. RIB 1059

Undated: South Shields, lead sealings. RIB 2411.100-105

Undated tiles: South Shields. RIB 2473.1-9

cohors I Hamiorum sagittaria

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

136-8: Carvoran under the prefect T. Flavius Secundus. RIB 1778

139-61: Bar Hill under the prefect [C]aristian[ius J]ustinianus. RIB 2167

139-61: Bar Hill, tombstone of the prefect G. Julius Marcellinus. RIB 2172

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

163-6: Carvoran under the prefect Licinius Clemens. RIB 1809

cohors I Hispanorum equitata/cohors I Aelia Hispanorum milliaria equitata (these seem to be the same unit, doubled in size at some point in the early second century)

98: diploma. CIL xvi.43

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6) ([I] Hisp)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

123-38?: Maryport under the tribune M. Maenius Agrippa (afterwards commander of classis Britannica). ILS 2735 with RIB 823 (see his biography, Chapter 9)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

213-16?: Netherby, but most of the unit name is missing from the manuscript record of this slab, only Ael(ia) surviving. RIB 976

213-22 (or 213-16): Netherby under the tribune [...] Maximus, but the unit name is entirely missing and its attribution to this unit is exclusively by restoration. RIB 977

222: Netherby under the tribune M. Aurelius Salvius. RIB 978

222: Netherby, but once more the unit name is entirely missing. RIB 979

300s: possibly at Bowness. ND xl.49 (giving Stanwix in probable error; see PNRB p.221, note 49)

Undated: Maryport under the prefect M. Censorius [C]ornelianus, c(enturio) of [X Fr]etensis. RIB 814

Undated: Maryport under the prefect L. Antistius Lupus Verianus. RIB 816

Undated: Maryport under the tribune G. Caballius Priscus. RIB 817 (also, but with no unit name, RIB 818-20)

Undated: Maryport under the prefect P. Cornelius Ur[.....]. but unit name entirely restored. RIB 821

Undated: Maryport under the prefect Helstrius Novellus. RIB 822 (and 846, no unit name)

Undated: Maryport under the prefect L. Cammius Maximus (probably being transferred to cohors XVIII Voluntariorum in Pannonia Superior). RIB 827-9

Undated: Ardoch, tombstone of Ammonius, c(enturio), 27 years' service. RIB 2213 (possibly 139-61 in date)

Undated tiles: Maryport. RIB 2474

cohors II Hispanorum

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

cohors I Lingonum equitata

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

139-43: High Rochester. RIB 1276 (24)

238-44: Lanchester under the prefect M. Aurelius Quirinus. RIB 1091, 1092 (6, 37)

Undated: Lanchester, unit number missing (possibly II, III or IIII), under the prefect [F]ulvius [Fel]ix. Brit. xix (1988), 492, no. 10

Undated: Corbridge, unit number missing (possibly II, III or IIII), naming Iliomarus, possibly c(enturio). RIB 1186

cohors II Lingonum equitata

98: diploma. CIL xvi.43

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming), under the prefect C. Hedius Verus

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

300s: Drumburgh. ND xl.48

Undated: Ilkley under the prefect Clodius Fronto. RIB 635

Undated: Moresby under G. Pompeius Saturninus. RIB 798

Undated: Moresby under the prefect Valerius Lupercus. RIB 800

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealings. RIB 2411.106, 108

Undated: Ilkley, stamped tiles. RIB 2475

cohors III Lingonum equitata

103 (Jan 19)?: diploma (the text has III on one face, IIII on the other). CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

cohors IIII Lingonum equitata

103 (Jan 19)?: diploma (the text has III on one face, IIII on the other). CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

300s: Wallsend. ND xl.33

Undated: Wallsend under Julius Honoratus, c(enturio) of II Augusta. RIB 1299

Undated: Wallsend under the prefect Aelius Rufus. RIB 1300

Undated: Wallsend under the prefect [Cor]nelius Celer. RIB 1301

Undated: Wallsend (unit illegible), the prefect [Di]dius Severus. RIB 1302

Undated: Hadrian's Wall (E of mc 59). RIB 2014

Undated: Wallsend, lead sealing. RIB 2411.109

Undated: Wallsend, stamped tiles. RIB 2476.1-2

cohors I Menapiorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

cohors I Morinorum et Cersiacorum

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127): diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

300s: Ravenglass. ND xl.52

Undated: in Britain under the prefect Q. Servilius Pacuvianus. CIL iii.2049

cohors I Nerviorum

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

Undated: Caer Gai (near Bala), statue of Hercules erected by Julius, mil(es). RIB 418

cohors II Nerviorum civium Romanorum

98: diploma. CIL xvi.43

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127): diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

213: Whitley Castle. RIB 1202

214-17: Whitley Castle, unit name entirely missing. RIB 1203

Undated: Whitley Castle, unit number missing. RIB 1198

Undated: Wallsend. RIB 1303

Undated: Carrawburgh, a vexillation of Texandri and Suvevae from this unit. RIB 1538

Undated: Vindolanda, dedication to Cocidius by the prefect Decimus Caerellius Victor. RIB 1683 (probably a private dedication at a nearby shrine)

Undated: High Rochester. Brit. xiv (1983), 337, no. 12 (a vexillation of a Nervian cohort, numeral lost, is known from Risingham. RIB 1240)

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealings. RIB 2411.111-40

cohors III Nerviorum

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127): diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

300s: Maryport. ND xl.53

Undated: Vindolanda under the prefect [..] Caninius [...]. RIB 1691

Undated: Maryport, tombstone, name lost, erected by Julius Senecianus. JRS lvii (1967), 204-5, no. 14

Undated: Newstead, lead sealing. RIB 2411.142

cohors IIII Nerviorum

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127)?: diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

cohors VI Nerviorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

114-30 (but not 122, 124, or 127)?: diploma. CIL xvi.88 (RIB 2401.7)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

139-61?: Rough Castle, under the command of Flavius Betto, c(enturio) of XX Valeria Victrix. RIB 2144.

139-61: Rough Castle. RIB 2145

145-146 (Dec 10-Dec 9): diploma. CIL xvi.93 (RIB 2401.10)

205: Bainbridge under the prefect L. Vinicius Pius JRS li (1961), 192-3; amended in JRS lix (1969), 246, Addenda and Corrigenda (b)

206: Bainbridge under the prefect L. Vi[nic]ius Pius. RIB 722

300s: Bainbridge. ND xl.56

Undated: Greatchesters under the prefect G. Julius Barbarus on a statue base. RIB 1731

cohors I Pannoniorum equitata?

Undated: Cawfields (HW mc 42). RIB 1667 (or more likely II Pannoniorum)

cohors II Pannoniorum

105 (May-Jul): diploma (number of unit lost). CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6)

Undated: Beckfoot under the prefect [....]lia. RIB 880

Undated: Cawfields (HW mc 42). RIB 1667 (or I Pannoniorum o/w untestified in Britain)

Undated: Vindolanda, lead sealing. RIB 2411.143

cohors V Pannoniorum?

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealing but the unit is otherwise unknown. RIB 2411.144

cohors V Raetorum equitata

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

Undated: Carrawburgh (HW), altar dedicated by P[...]anus, m(i)l(es). RIB 1529

cohors VI Raetorum

Trajanic: in Britain under the prefect C. Rufius Moderatus. diploma. CIL iii.5202

166-9: Greatchesters (unit number dubious; may be VII or VIII, but neither of these is otherwise testified). RIB 1737

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealing. RIB 2411.147-51

cohors I Sunicorum/Sunucorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

124 (Sep 16): diploma. CIL xvi.70 (RIB 2401.6), under the prefect M. Junius Claudianus

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

198-209: Caernarfon, restoration of an aqueduct. RIB 430

cohors I Thracum equitata civium Romanorum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

197-202: Bowes (building work supervised by Valerius Fronto, prefect of ala Vettonum). RIB 730

205-8: Bowes. RIB 740

205-8: Birdoswald, building with cohors I Aelia Dacorum milliaria under the tribune Aurelius Julianus. RIB 1909

Undated: Bowes under the prefect L. Caesius Frontinus. RIB 733, 734

Undated: Bowes under the prefect [...] Aem[ilian]us. RIB 741

Undated: Scargill Moor, near Bowes, under the prefect T. [O]rbius Pri[mia]nus (unit not named). Brit. xix (1988), 491, no. 7

Undated: Hadrian's Wall (near milecastle 4). RIB 1323

cohors II Thracum equitata

103 (Jan 19): diploma. CIL xvi.48 (RIB 2401.1)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

139-61: Mumrills, tombstone of Nectovelius, 9 years' service (rank not stated but presumably miles). Unusually, this man states his origin and tells us he was from the nationis Brigans, 'the Brigantian tribe' of northern Britain, demonstrating that we need never automatically assume that members of auxiliary units had any connection with the nominal homelands. RIB 2142

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184

300s: Moresby. ND xl.50

Undated: Moresby under the prefect Mamius (or Manilius) Nepos. RIB 797

Undated: Moresby, tombstone of Smert[ri]us, m(iles), 10 years' service. RIB 804

cohors VI Thracum

Undated: Gloucester, tombstone of Rufus Sita, eques, 22 years' service. RIB 121

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealing. RIB 2411.152-60

cohors VII Thracum

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

127 (Aug 20): diploma. Nollé (forthcoming)

135 (Apr 14): diploma. CIL xvi.82 (RIB 2401.8)

158 (Feb 27): diploma. Brit. xxviii (1992), 463-4, no. 28

178 (Mar 23): diploma. RMD 184, under the prefect Ulpius Marcianus

Undated: Brough-under-Stainmore, lead sealing. RIB 2411.161-92, 194-240

cohors ?? Thracum

Undated: Wroxeter, tombstone of T. Claudius Tirintius, eq(ues) in a cohors Thracum (unit number lost). With no parallels from Wroxeter or the area it cannot be allocated though cohors VI Thracum is a possibility. RIB 291

cohors Usiporum

83: transferred to Britain and participated in Agricolan campaign prior to mutinying and circumnavigating Britain. Tacitus (Agricola) xxviii.1, and Dio lxvi.20

cohors II Vasconum equitata civium Romanorum

105 (May-Jul): diploma. CIL xvi.51 (RIB 2401.2)

122 (Jul 17): diploma. CIL xvi.69

Undated: in Britannia under the prefecture of an unknown man who also served as tribune with II Augusta, stated on his tombstone from Ilipia (Baetica, Spain). ILS 2712

Vexillationes (vexillations of units otherwise not testified)

vexillatio M[a]r[sacorum?]. The name is restored from ILS 2508, naming a citizen of this tribe, and Tacitus (Histories) iv.56 also naming the tribe, though the actual unit is not otherwise testified.

222-35: Old Penrith. RIB 919 (drawing of a stone, long lost)

vexillatio G(aesatorum) R(aetorum)

Undated: Cappuck, as ve[x]il(l)atio R(a)etorum Gaesat(orum), commanded by the tribune Julius Severinus. RIB 2117

Undated: Greatchesters, commanded by Tabellius Victor, c(enturio), giving G(aesatorum) R(a)eto(rum). RIB 1724

Undated: Risingham, under Aemilius Aemilianus, tribune of cohors I Vangionum. RIB 1216

Undated: Risingham, under Julius Victor, tribune of cohors I Vangionum. RIB 1217

vexillatio Germa[no]r(um) V[o]r[e]d(ensium)

Undated: Old Penrith. RIB 920 (from a seventeenth-century transcript)

vexil(latio) Raetor(um) et Noricor(um)

Undated: Manchester, commanded by a [prae]posi[tus], name lost. These may be legionaries from legio III Italica and legio II Italica but there is no means of verification. RIB 576

vexillatio Sueborum Lon(govicianorum) Gor(dianae)

238-44: Lanchester. RIB 1074

Cunei

c[u]neus Frisionum Aballavensium Philipp(ianorum)

241: Papcastle. RIB 883 (and probably also 882)

cuneus Frisiorum Ver(covicianorum) Se(ve)r(iani) Alexandriani

222-35: Housesteads. RIB 1594

c(uneus) Fris(iorum) Vinovie(nsium)

Undated: Binchester. RIB 1036

cuneus Sarmatarum, Bremetenraco see also n(umerus) eq(uitum) Sar[m(atarum)] Bremmetenn(acensium) below

300s: Ribchester ND xl.54

N.B. also Dio lxxi.16.2 stating the despatch of 5500 Sarmatian cavalry to Britain in the latter part of the reign of Marcus Aurelius. The unit is not specified and may have been temporary.

Equites

equites Catafractariorum

300s: Morbio (unknown). Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.21

equites Crispianorum

317-26+: Doncaster? or Jarrow?. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.20

equites Delmatarum

300s: Praesidio (unknown; PNRB suggests York). Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.19

equites Dalmatarum Branodunensium

300s: Brancaster. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.16

equites stablesianorum Garrionnensium

300s: Burgh Castle. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.17

eq(uites) [St]ratonicianorum

Undated: Brougham, altar dedicated by Januarius to Mars. RIB 780

Milites

milites Tungrecanorum

300s: Dover (Kent). Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.14

Numeri (and other unspecified units)

numerus Abulcorum, Anderidos

300s: Pevensey. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.20

numerus Alamannorum

372: in Britain under command of the tribune Fraomarius. Ammianus xxix.4.7

numerus Barc(ariorum)

Undated: Lancaster under the p(rae)p(ositus) Sabinus. RIB 601

numerus Barcariorum Tigrisiensium, Arbeia

300s: South Shields. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.22

numerus Batavorum

367: brought to Britain by Theodosius. Ammianus xxvii.8.7

numerus Concangensium

Undated tiles: Binchester (though the unit name refers to the fort name of Chester-le-Street, Concangis). RIB 2480.1-2

numerus Defensorum, Braboniaco

300s: Kirkby Thore. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.27

numerus Directorum, Verteris

300s: Brough. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.26

numerus Explorator(um) Brem(eniensium) Gor(diani)

238-44: High Rochester, under the tribune Cassius Sabinianus, commanding cohors I Vardullorum. RIB 1262

Undated: High Rochester, altar erected by the dupl(icarii) of the unit under the tribune Caepio Charitinus. RIB 1270

(numerus?) Expl[oratores Habitancenses?]

213: Risingham. RIB 1235

numerus Exploratorum, Lavatrae

300s: Bowes. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.25

numerus Exploratorum, Portum Adurni

300s: Portchester. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.21

numerus Fortensium, Othonae

300s: Bradwell-on-Sea. Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.13

numerus Herulorum

367: brought to Britain by Theodosius. Ammianus xxvii.8.7

numerus Hnaudifridi

Undated: Housesteads. RIB 1576

numerus Joviorum

367: brought to Britain by Theodosius. Ammianus xxvii.8.7

numerus Longovicanorum, Longovicio

300s: Lanchester. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.30

numerus Magne<c>e(n)s(ium)

Undated: Carvoran. RIB 1825

n(umerus) Maur[o]rum Aur(elianorum) Valeriani Gallieniq(ue), Aballaba

253-8: Burgh-by-Sands under the tribune Caelius Vibianus. RIB 2042

300s: Burgh-by-Sands. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.47

numeri Moesiacorum

360: two numeri sent to Britain with Lupicinus. Ammianus xx.1.2

numerus Nerviorum Dictensium, Dicti

300s: Wearmouth? Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.23

numerus Pacensium, Magis

300s: Burrow Walls? Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.29

numerus Raetorum Gae[sa]torum

213: Risingham. RIB 1235

n(umerus) eq(uitum) Sar[m(atarum)] Bremmetenn(acensium)

238-44: Ribchester, pedestal dedicated to Apollo Maponus. RIB 583

Undated tiles?: Bainesse, near Catterick, giving BSAR. RIB 2479

numerus Solensium, Maglone

300s: Old Carlisle? Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.28

numerus Supervenientium Peturiensium, Derventione

300s: Malton. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.31

numerus S(yrorum) s(agittariorum)?

Undated: Kirkby Thore. RIB 764

numerus Turnacensium, Lemannis

300s: Lympne (Kent). Under command of comes litoris Saxonici. ND xxviii.15

numerus Victorum

367: brought to Britain by Theodosius. Ammianus xxvii.8.7

numerus vigilum, Concangios

300s: Chester-le-Street. Under command of dux Britanniarum. ND xl.24

Areani or Arcani

368-9: military border patrols or spies in Britain. They were in existence under Constans but Ammianus says they had been a veteribus institutum, 'established in early times'. By 369 they had become susceptible to bribes from barbarians. They are otherwise untestified. Ammianus xxviii.3.8

Venatores

venatores Banniesses

Undated: Birdoswald (HW), altar dedicated to Silvanus. Not necessarily a discrete unit, these hunters probably served in the resident garrison of cohors I Aelia Dacorum and styled themselves accordingly as a matter of pride. RIB 1905

Unspecified

Aeruli

360: sent to Britain with Lupicinus. Ammianus xx.1.2

Batavii

360: sent to Britain with Lupicinus. Ammianus xx.1.2

The following units are listed in the Notitia Dignitatum under the command of the comes provinciarum Britanniarum. Nothing else is known about them though the equites Honoriani seniores suggest a date in the reign of Honorius or later (393-423).

equites catafractarii juniores. ND vii.200

equites scutarii juniores. ND vii.201

equites Honoriani seniores. ND vii.202

equites Stablesiani. ND vii.203

equites Syri. ND vii.204

equites Taifali. ND vii.205

The comes provinciarum Britanniarum is also attributed with command of the following.

Victores juniores Britannici. ND vii.154

Primani juniores. ND vii.155

Secundani juniores. ND vii.156

Alae

cohortes