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This page is taken from my Hadrian’s Wall. A
History and Guide, Tempus 1998, reprinted 2000, 2001. It summarizes the
inscriptions and literary evidence that record Hadrian’s Wall in antiquity. See
also A new bronze
cup naming forts on Hadrian’s Wall
The history of the Wall and the northern frontier
is far from exact. There are few fixed points and thus no evading the fact that
the accepted chronology not infrequently hangs or falls by an inferred word on
a damaged inscription, if one even exists. This is not always apparent in
histories of Roman Britain. So that readers may decide for themselves the main
evidence is summarised here with some examples provided in full. They should
prove of value to those interested in pursuing the evidence for Wall history,
and also to archaeologists and teachers. Latin sources are supplied in Latin
and translation. Others are supplied in translation only. I have either
paraphrased or translated the inscriptions. Abbreviations and references appear
in the Bibliography.
Restored sections of inscriptions are indicated
[]. Letters intentionally omitted for the sake of abbreviation are here
indicated () where the sense is difficult. Composite characters, where two or
more letters are combined into a single symbol, have been invariably expanded.
Where words are split between lines a hyphen (-) indicates thus; these do not
appear on the inscriptions. Supplementary information is supplied in the form
of brief details of additional inscriptions where they confirm, complicate, or
augment the source cited. Full details of inscriptions not given here in full appear
mostly in RIB and Lactor no.4 (see Bibliography: Inscriptions and other
sources).
1. Hadrian’s frontier policy. AD 117, and 122
a. ...Britanni teneri sub Romana dicione not
poterant...
b. ...Britanniam petiit, in qua multa correxit
murumque per octoginta milia passuum primus duxit, qui barbaros Romanosque
divideret.
c. ...Per ea tempora et alias frequenter in
plurimis locis, in quibus barbari non fluminibus sed limitibus dividuntur,
stipitibus magnis in modum muralis saepis funditus iactis conexis barbaros
separavit.
(Scriptores Historiae Augustae. Hadrian.
v.2, xi.2, and xii.6).
a. In 117: ‘the Britons were not able to be
restrained under Roman control.’ A 1997 find of a memorial slab at Vindolanda
reused in the late commanding officer’s house may record the death of a
centurion commanding a unit of Tungrians in Britain early in the second
century. It’s dated on style and content. The tombstone of Titus Pontius
Sabinus from Ferentini in Italy records his participation in a British
expedition (expeditione Brittannica), involving detachments of the VII
Gemina, VIII Augusta, and XXII Primigenia, around this time (Lactor no.4,
source 47). The latter two legions supplied detachments under Antoninus Pius
too (Source 9, below).
b. After his time in Germany Hadrian: ‘set out
for Britain where he reformed many things, and, the first [to do so], erected a
wall over a length of eighty miles, which was to force apart the Romans and
barbarians.’
c. ‘Throughout this time and often others in many
places, in which they are restrained not by rivers but by artificial frontiers,
[Hadrian] kept the barbarians out with tall stakes stuck deep into the earth
and lashed together in the form of a palisade.’
The date of 122 for the Wall in Britain is
inferred from the sequence of Hadrian’s travels detailed by his biographer, and
the association of his name with that of the governor Aulus Platorius Nepos on
primary inscriptions from the Wall (see 2-4 below). It would be more accurate
to say that a range of 120-22 for commencing building is possible.
2. Milecastle 38(?). Hadrianic dedicatory
inscription (3). c. 122-4+
IMP CAES TRAIAN
HADRIANI AVG
LEG II AVG
A PLATORIO NEPOTE LEG PR PR (RIB
1638)
Found near milecastle 38 (Hotbank), attributing a
structure to Hadrian between 117-28, and the governorship of the propraetorian
legate Aulus Platorius Nepos (c. 122-4+). Other examples of similar, but
fragmentary, inscriptions in stone survive from nearby (RIB 1637), from
milecastles 37 and 42 (RIB 1634, 1666). Another, from west of Birdoswald, but
of wood (RIB 1935, legion uncertain), was found at the Turf Wall milecastle 50.
Two diplomas confirm that Nepos began his governorship in 122 and was still the
incumbent in 124 (see Source 25).
3. Benwell. Hadrianic dedicatory inscription.
c. 122-4+
IMP CAES TRAIANO
HADRI[AN]· AVG
A·PLATORIO N[EPOTE L]EG AVG PR P
VEXILLATO C[LASSIS] BRITAN (RIB 1340)
From a fort granary, recording that under Nepos a
detachment of the Roman Fleet in Britain erected the building. Two centurial
stones from further west name the Fleet for having built part of the curtain
too (RIB 1944, 1945).
4. Haltonchesters. Hadrianic dedicatory
inscription. c. 122-4+
IMP CAES T[RAIAN HADRIANO]
AVG LEG·VI·V[ICTRIX]
A PLATORIO N[EPOTE]
LEG AVG·PR PR
(RIB 1427)
Found outside the west gate, and easily restored
to show that it was dedicated by the VI Legion during the reign of Hadrian and
the governorship of Nepos.
5. Greatchesters. Hadrianic dedicatory
inscription. c. 128?-38
IMP CAES TRAI(A)N HAD[RI]A-
NO AVG·P[ATER]·P[ATRIAE] (RIB
1736)
‘To the Emperor Caesar Trajan Hadrian Augustus,
Father of the Country’.
From outside the east gate. Hadrian became Pater
Patriae in 128. This inscription has been taken to show that Greatchesters
belongs to the latter part of his reign. Julian Bennett has noted, however,
that the title occasionally appears on inscriptions of earlier date, for
example a milestone from near Leicester of 119-20 (RIB 2244, see Britannia xv,
1984, 234-5). The inscription is oddly composed with only a brief text
inscribed into the lower half of anotherwise blank ansate panel. R.P. Wright’s
suggestion that this was to make it more easily read by someone looking up at
the gate is very unlikely because it was never done anywhere else. Perhaps the
panel was installed as a blank, and later carved in situ by someone who did not
know exactly when and by whom the fort had been built, and who was unable to
reach properly. The sagging of the end of the first line makes this plausible.
The inscription is thus not certain evidence for Greatchesters late Hadrianic
date.
6. Later Hadrianic governors. c. 126-38
Aulus Platorius Nepos was succeeded by Trebius Germanus.
He is mentioned only on a single diploma, which surfaced in 1997, naming him as
governor of Britain on 20 August 127. The diploma was presented to a soldier of
Dacian origin, called Itaxa, in the Second Cohort of Lingones. Germanus has yet
to be testified for certain on any building inscription from Britain, and his
absence (for the moment) suggests that much of the primary construction on the
Wall was very advanced by c.126. Sextus Julius Verus was governor between c.130
and 134 (RIB 739 from Bowes, but incomplete and long lost). RIB 1550 from
Carrawburgh is reputed to name Verus, thus ‘proving’ the fort’s late Hadrianic
date but in fact only parts of two letters of a governor’s(?) name survive (and
none of the emperor’s or his titles) so it is of dubious value. Publius Mummius
Sisenna is named as governor on 14 April 135, but his full name is only known
from a career inscription (Birley 1979, 173). Apart from Nepos none is thus
unequivocally associated with building on the Wall.
7. Hadrianic occupation at Carvoran. 136-8
·FORTVNAE·AVG·
·PRO·SALVTE·L·AELI
·CAESARIS·EX·VISV
·I·FLA·SECVNDVS·
PRAEF·COH·I·HAM-
IORUM·SAGITTAR
·V·S·L·M·
(RIB 1778)
‘To Augustan Fortune for the health of Lucius
Aelius Caesar, Titus Flavius Secundus, prefect of the First Cohort of Hamian
Archers, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow, because of a vision’.
Dedicated to Lucius Aelius Caesar during his
brief period (136-8) as Hadrian’s heir. Inscriptions from the fort (Source 8)
name Secundus as prefect responsible for stone ramparts. The altar provides
fixed dates for part of Secundus’ term and therefore the building though he may
obviously have been there for longer. The First Cohort of Hamians was at Bar
Hill on the Antonine Wall (e.g. RIB 2167, 2172) before returning to Carvoran by
163-6, recorded on an inscription (RIB 1792) mentioning the governor Calpurnius
Agricola, himself dated to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (Source 12).
8. Hadrianic building at Carvoran. 136-8
> SILVANI·
VALLAVIT·
P·CXII·SVB
FLA·SECVNDO
[PRA]EF·
(RIB 1820)
‘Silvanus’ century built 112 feet of rampart
under command of the prefect Flavius Secundus’.
See Source 7.
9. The Antonine Wall. 138-41
Per legatos suos plurima bella gessit. Nam et Britannos
per Lollium Urbicum vicit legatum alio muro caespiticio summotis barbaris
ducto...
(SHA. Antoninus Pius, v.4).
‘Through his legates <[Antoninus Pius] waged
many wars. For example through the legate Lollius Urbicus he defeated the
Britons, and built another wall, of turf, having driven back the barbarians...’
An inscription from High Rochester names Lollius
Urbicus as governor (RIB 1276) showing that it was reoccupied about now.
Another, from Birrens but dated to 158 by Pius’ titles for that year, shows
occupation (RIB 2110) in the reign of Antoninus Pius by the Second Cohort of,
what can be probably restored as, Tungrians. A recently-discovered inscription
from Birrens, undated but of Antonine style, names two legions from the Rhine
here: VIII Augusta and XXII Primigenia. Perhaps Lollius Urbicus brought
detachments of these legions with him to help with building work on the
northern frontier (Britannia xxiii, 1992, 318; see also Source 1a above and RIB
2216).
10. War in Britain(?) under Pius. 138-61
‘Antoninus ... took away much of the Brigantian
land in Britain because they had set out on an armed invasion of the area
called Genounia, which was under Roman control’. Pausanias (xliii.3-4).
Genounia is unknown in Britain. However, there
was another tribe called the Brigantes in the province of Raetia (equivalent
roughly to Switzerland) and their neighbours happen to have been called the
Genauni. Pausanias was probably confused by this and the reference thus
probably does not refer to Britain.
11. Reinforcements at Newcastle under
Antoninus Pius. c. 155-9
IMP·ANTONI-
NO·AVG·PIO·P
PAT·VEXILATIO
LEG·II·AVG·ET·LEG
·VI·VIC·ET·LEG·
·XX·VV·CON(T)R(I)-
BVTI·EX·GER·DV-
OBVS·SVB·IVLIO·VE-
RO·LEG·AVG·PR·P·
(RIB 1322)
Despite the state of preservation this
inscription’s meaning is far from certain. It may record that reinforcements
for the II, VI, and XX legions arrived from the two German armies in around
158; or, it may record that reinforcements from these legions were sent to
Germany; or, it may commemorate the return of detachments from the legions
which had been sent temporarily to Germany. The approximate year of 158 comes
from an inscription at Birrens naming Julius Verus as governor, dated precisely
to between December 157 and December 158 (RIB 2110). The VI Legion was engaged
on repairing the Wall at Heddon by 158, recorded by a centurial stone with an
unusually specific record of the date (RIB 1389). Apart from the problems with
meaning the carving is an exercise in caution in relying on modern
reconstructions of damaged inscriptions; here the mason has miscalculated at
the end of the fourth line, failing to leave room for ‘LEG’. In consequence he
has combined ‘L’ and ‘E’ and crammed in a diminutive ‘G’. It’s unlikely that
this would be thought possible had this part of the block been found damaged.
12. Wars under Marcus Aurelius. 163
Imminebat etiam Britannicum bellum... Et
adversus Britannos quidem Calpurnius Agricola missus est...
(SHA. Marcus Aurelius viii.7-8).
‘Besides, a British war was threatening... And in
fact Calpurnius Agricola was sent against the Britons...’
13. Reoccupation at Carvoran. c. 163-6
DEAE SVRI-
AE SVB CALP-
VRNIO AG[R-
ICOL[A LE]G AV[G]
PR PR LIC[IN]IVS
[C]LEM[ENS PRAEF
C]OH I HA[MIOR] (RIB
1792)
‘To the Syrian Goddess, Licinius Clemens, prefect
of the First Cohort of Hamians, set this up under the emperor’s pro-praetorian
legate Calpurnius Agricola.’
Calpurnius Agricola’s approximate dates as
governor come from Source 12 (above) and an inscription from Corbridge which
has been heavily restored to give the titles of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius
Verus for the year 163 (RIB 1149). It is, however, plain from that restoration
that the inscription could belong to anywhere between 163-6 and possibly
earlier or even slightly later as none of the year-specific titles survives in
full.
14. Reoccupation at Stanwix. 167
DEDIC[ATA]
IMP VERO [III ET]
VMIDIO [QUADRATO
COS...]
(RIB 2026)
‘Dedicated during the year of the consulships of
the Emperor Lucius Verus (for this third time) and Umidius Quadratus’.
Found to the west of the fort. The joint
consulship of Lucius Verus (joint emperor with Aurelius, 161-9), and Umidius Quadratus
is said to have occurred in the year 167, thus providing a rare instance of a
fixed year on the Wall following the abandonment of the Antonine Wall.
15. The war under Commodus. 184
‘However, the most important war was in Britain.
For the tribes in the island crossed the Wall which divided them from the Roman
soldiers and did a huge amount of damage, even taking out a legate with his
troops. In consequence Commodus grew worried and despatched Ulpius Marcellus
against the tribes... he inflicted serious defeats on the British barbarians.’
Cassius Dio, lxxiii.8.1-2
16. An aqueduct at Chesters. c. 177/8-184
AQVA·ADDVCTA
ALAE·II·ASTVR·
SVB·VLP·MARCELLO
LEG·AVG·PR PR
(RIB 1463)
This records the ‘bringing of water’ by the
Second Ala of Asturians during the governorship of Ulpius Marcellus. His dates
come from Cassius Dio (Source 15), and a diploma dated 23 March 178 naming him
as governor (see R.S.O. Tomlin in Collingwood and Richmond, 1995, The Roman
Inscriptions of Britain, p. 783 for RIB 1329). He thus served under Marcus
Aurelius (161-80), and Commodus (180-96), and during their period of joint rule
(177-80) explaining an inscription from Benwell where he is named as serving
under joint emperors (RIB 1329). However, prior to the discovery of the diploma
it was thought impossible that one man could have remained in position so long
and that therefore Cassius Dio’s Marcellus, and the Marcellus of the
inscriptions were two different men; a second Marcellus was thus postulated,
and assigned to 211-12 in the joint reign of Caracalla and Geta. The residence
of the Asturians and the building of the aqueduct were thus also assigned to
that period. This is now discounted though confirming the late second-century
garrison at Chesters remains complicated by a single undated stone from the
fort bearing the name of a different unit, the First Cohort of Dalmatians
(Birley 1961, 174).
17. Lucius Junius Victorinus and his exploits.
c. 150-80
L IVNIUS VIC-
TORINVS FL
CAELIANVS LEG
AVG LEG VI VIC
PF OB RES TRANS
VALLVM PRO-
SPERE GESTAS (RIB
2034)
‘Lucius Junius Victorinus Flavius Caelianus,
imperial legate of the VI Legion Victrix Pia Fidelis, (erected this) on account
of successful exploits across the wall’.
Found at Kirksteads, about 1.25 miles (2 km)
south of the Wall at Kirkandrews upon Eden to the west of Carlisle. Dating is
only approximate.
18. A granary built at Birdoswald. 205-8
IMPP CAESS·L·
SEPT SEVERO PIO
PERT ET M AVR A[NT]O-
NINO AVG [ET P SEP
GETAE NOB CAES] HOR-
REVM FECER COH I AEL
DAC ET I T(Η)RACVM C R SVB
ALFENO SENECIONE COS
PER AVREL IVLIANVM TR (RIB 1909)
‘For the Emperor-Caesars Lucius Septimius Severus
Pius Pertinax and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus [Caracalla], and Publius Septimius
Geta, most noble Caesar (name erased after his brother Caracalla murdered him),
the First Aelian Cohort of Dacians and the First Cohort of Thracians, Roman
citizens, built the granary under the consular governor Alfenus Senecio through
the tribune Aurelius Julianus’.
Found reused as a paving stone in a barrack block
at Birdoswald. A considerable quantity of other building work of the early
third century on the northern frontier is commemorated at Corbridge(?) on RIB
1151, now at Hexham Abbey, between 198-209 (granary), at Risingham by RIB 1234
for 205-7 (gate) and RIB 1235 for 213 (unspecified), at High Rochester by RIB
1279 (unspecified) for 216, 1280 and 1281 (ballistaria - see Source 21 below)
for 220 and 221-35, RIB 1465 from Chesters (unspecified) for 221-2, by RIB 1060
(aqueduct) at South Shields for 222, by RIB 1735 (granary) from Greatchesters
for 235, RIB 1553 from Carrawburgh (unspecified but naming the unit on the
Mithraeum altars) for 237, and by RIB 1091 (baths) at Lanchester for 238-44.
19. Septimius Severus. 210-11
Britanniam, quod maximum eius imperii decus
est muro per transversam insulam ducto utrimque ad finem Oceani munivit. Unde
etiam Britannici nomen accipit.
(SHA, Severus xviii.2).
‘Britain, which was the greatest glory of his
reign, he fortified by building a wall right across the island to the shore of
the Ocean on either side. From which also he accepted the name Britannicus’.
This version of events arose from Severus’
extensive repair work on the Wall. The Scriptores is one of several
fourth-century sources to have confused repair with original work, and it
contributed to the belief that Severus had instigated the stone wall from the
ground up. The statement is echoed in one of two incomplete inscriptions found
at Jarrow, and thought to have come from a nearby Roman monument to the Wall;
however, both inscriptions lack any specific dating information and may be
either from a monument to Hadrian by Severus, or one contemporary with Hadrian
(see Daniels, 1978, 54, or Collingwood and Wright, 1995, 349-51: RIB 1051,
1052).
20. The east gate at Birdoswald. Early third
century
SVB MODIO IV-
LIO LEG AVG PR·
PR COH·I·AEL·D(A)C·
CVI PRAEEST M
CL MENANDER
TRIB· (RIB
1914)
‘Under the Emperor’s pro-praetorian legate Modius
Julius, the first Aelian Cohort of Dacians, commanded by Marcus Claudius
Menander (built this)’.
Found by the east gate at Birdoswald. Modius’
governorship is assigned to the year 219 on the dubious evidence of an
imaginatively restored reading of a damaged and recut inscription from Netherby
which may not even name him (RIB 980; see Collingwood and Wright, 1995, pp.
327, 777, and pl. xv). The style is, however, of the early third century. It
will have been matched by a stone with the relevant emperor’s titles.
21. Rebuilding at Birdoswald. 294-305
DDN]N·DIO[CLETIANO] ET
M[AX]IMIANO INVICTIS AVGG ET
CONSTANTIO ET MAXIMIANO
N·N·C·C·SVB VP·AVR·ARPAGIO PR
PRAETOR·QVOD ERAT HVMO COPERT
ET IN LABE CONL ET PRINC·ET BAL·R(E)ST
CVRANT·FL·MARTINO·CENT·PP·C... (RIB 1912)
‘For the Lords Diocletian and Maximianus, the
Invincible Augusti, and for Constantius and [Galerius] Maximianus, the most
Noble Caesars, under his Perfection Aurelius Arpagius, governor, [the Cohort
... restored] the commandant’s house which had fallen into ruin and was covered
in earth, and the headquarters building and the bath-house(?), under the
direction of Flavius Martinus, centurion in command...’
Found, as Source 18. A fragment of a contemporary
and apparently similar inscription has survived from Housesteads (RIB 1613).
The restoration of BAL as balneum (bath-house) has been disputed (see
G.H. Donaldson in Britannia xxi, 1990, 207ff, and Tomlin’s note to this
inscription in RIB 1995, p. 782) and may be an abbreviation for ballistarium, a
word of uncertain meaning and otherwise only attested at High Rochester (see
Source 18).
22. Fourth- and fifth-century historical
references.
There are too many references to the later
history of Roman Britain to be included here. Few are specific and range from
the Notitia Dignitatum to rambling rants and passing mentions. The best
source for these is Ireland, S., 1986 (see Bibliography).
23. The Wall in the eighth century. 731
‘... to help these allies whom they had had to abandon,
[the Romans] constructed a strong stone wall in a straight line from shore to
shore, where Severus had built his earthwork, between the cities that had been
founded as strongholds. This well-known and still conspicuous wall was built
out of the public purse and private cash, with the Britons helping out. It is
eight feet wide, and twelve high and ran directly from east to west, as anyone
can see clearly to this day’.
Bede. History of the English Church and People,
I.xii.
24. Principal Roman Emperors (all dates AD)
Claudius 41-54
Nero 54-68
Vespasian 69-79
Titus 79-81
Domitian 81-96
Nerva 96-8
Trajan 98-117
Hadrian 117-38
(with Lucius Aelius as heir 136-8)
Antoninus Pius 138-61
(with Marcus Aurelius as heir 139-61)
Marcus Aurelius 161-80
(with Lucius Verus as co-emperor 161-9; and Commodus as co-emperor 177-80)
Commodus (with
Aurelius from 177) 180-92
Septimius Severus 193-211
(with Caracalla as co-emperor 198-211, and with Geta as well 210-11)
Caracalla (with
Severus from 198) 211-17
Elagabalus 218-22
Severus Alexander 222-35
Maximinus I 235-8
Gordian III 238-44
Philip I 244-49
Diocletian 284-305
(with Maximianus as co-emperor in the west 286-305, assisted by Constantius
Chlorus 293-305)
Carausius 286-93
(usurps in Britain only)
Allectus 293-6
(murderer and successor of Carausius)
Constantine I 307-37
Valentinian I 364-75
(with Valens in the East)
25. Governors of Roman Britain from Trajan to
Gordian III
This list has been drawn up from a variety of sources,
and I am particularly grateful to Dr Margaret Roxan for supplying up-to-date
information from military diplomas. Date-ranges are approximate only; RIB often
supplies dates which are more exact but usually on the basis of inference or
restoration, e.g. RIB 2192 which has no dating information on it at all.
Inscriptions where the governor’s name has been inferred and does not survive
in any visible form have been omitted. The vast majority of these inscriptions
are from the Wall, its forts or its hinterland and outpost forts. Only diplomas
supply precise dates during tenure of office and are, at the time of writing,
the most fertile source of new information.
Titus Avidius Quietus 98?-102? Diploma of 98 (CIL XVI, 43)
Lucius Neratius Marcellus 102?-6? Diploma 19 January 103 (CIL XVI, 98)
Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua under Trajan/Hadrian. Perhaps 114-18. See
Birley 1979, 170
Quintus Pompeius Falco 118?-22? Not testified on a British inscription but named
as predecessor on the diploma of 17 July 122 (see next entry)
Aulus Platorius Nepos 122-6. RIB 1340, 1427, 1634, 1637, 1638, 1666, 1935,
and on Diplomas 17 July 122 and 15? September 124 (CIL XVI, 69-70; Lactor 33.
See Source 2)
Trebius Germanus 126-30.
Diploma (20 August 127 - see Source 6), and possibly RIB 995 (unrestorable but
either Nepos or Germanus)
Sextus Julius Severus? 130-4. RIB 739, 1550 (? see Source 6)
Publius Mummius Sisenna 134-8. Diploma 14 April 135 (CIL XVI, 82; and Birley 1979,
173. See Source 6)
Quintus Lollius Urbicus 138-42? SHA (see Source 9) RIB 1147, 1148(?), 1276,
2191, 2192
Cnaeus Papirius Aelianus 142?-6. Diploma dated between 10 December 145 and 9
December 146 (CIL XVI, 93)
Cnaeus Julius Verus 158. RIB 283, 1132, 1322 (see Source 11), 2110 (see
Source 11). Diploma 27 February 158 (Holder, forthcoming)
...anus 154
or 159. Diploma (CIL XVI, 130)
Marcus Statius Priscus 161-2. Only known from a career inscription (Birley
1979, 174)
Sextus Calpurnius Agricola 163. SHA (c. 163 - see Source 12). RIB 1137, 1149 (see Source
12), 1703, 1792 (see Source 13)
Quintus Antistius Adventus -176. RIB 1083 (not later than November 176 but emperor not
specified)
Ulpius Marcellus 176?-84.
Diploma 23 March 178 (unpublished). Dio (180 - see Source 15). RIB 1329, 1463-4
Publius Helvius Pertinax c. 185. SHA. Pertinax iii.5
Clodius Albinus c.
192-7. Dio 73.xiv.3
Virius Lupus c.
197-202. Dio 75.v.4. RIB 637, 730, 1163
Caius Valerius Pudens 205. (Frere 1987, 157 - JRS 1961)
Lucius Alfenus Senecio 205-7. RIB 722, 723, 740, 746, 1151(?), 1234, 1337,
1462, 1909 (see Source 18)
Caius Julius Marcus 213. RIB 905, 976(?), 977(?), 1202 (erased), 1235
(erased), 1265 (erased), 2298
Se[m]p[ronius?] 213-16.
RIB 590
*[Marcus Antonius Gor?]dianus 216. RIB 590 (? erased), 1049, 1279
(? erased)
*Modius Julius Early
3rd century. RIB 1914 (see Source 20)
*Tiberius Claudius Paulinus 220. RIB 1280
*Marius Valerianus 222. RIB 978, 1060, 1465
*Claudius Xenophon 222-3. RIB 1467, 1706, 2299, 2306
*..... Maximus 225.
RIB 1738
*Calvisius Rufus 225-35.
RIB 929
*Valerius Crescens Fulvianus 225-35. RIB 587
*Claudius Apellinus 225-35. RIB 1281
*[T?]uccianus 237.
RIB 1553
*Maecilius Fuscus 238-44.
RIB 1092
*Egnatius Lucilianus 238-44. RIB 1091, 1262
*Nonius Philippus 242.
RIB 897
* By c. 215+ Britain was divided into two
provinces: Britannia Inferior (the north) and Britannia Superior (the south.
The governors listed here were in charge of Inferior.
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